Recommendations for the Northern AreaThere are many ways to aid in the preservation of the built fabric so that the sense of place and history in the Northern section of the Harlem River is maintained. Rezoning of the residential areas, completing adaptive reuse projects for vacant or underused buildings, following design recommendations for new construction, and maintaining old structures can ensure that the special character of these individual neighborhoods remains intact for the future. Another way to ensure this is to communicate accurate information to the public on proper conservation methods, programs, and funding sources. Inwood: Multiple Listing Inwood has the highest concentration of Art Deco apartment buildings in Manhattan. Together, these buildings reflect an architectural style that diverged from the higher style into a form that evolved under the influence of architecture seen at two major international expositions. These buildings embrace design elements of Art Deco fused together with those of more familiar middle-income apartment buildings from the 1920s. Listing these buildings, seen in the previous chart, on the National Register of Historic Places for their aesthetic significance would encourage the preservation of their lobbies as well as their exteriors. Additionally, listing on the National Register may qualify these buildings for tax incentives when undertaking major rehabilitation projects. Owners of income-producing properties on the National Register or within historic districts may be eligible for a 20% tax credit under the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program. In Marble Hill and Inwood eligible properties would include apartment buildings with rental units. Rehabilitations must be carried out in accordance with the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation (see Appendix IX); the application is a three-part process. The owner’s expenditure must exceed the “adjusted basis” of the building, defined as the sum of the purchase price and the cost of previous capital improvements reduced by the depreciation of the property. The “adjusted basis” does not include land value. New plumbing, elevators, brick and façade cleaning, architect fees, and mechanical and electrical systems are just a few property improvements that would qualify as taxable expenditures.1 Additional financial tools are covered in depth in Appendix VII. Individual Landmark Listings The Seaman-Drake Arch is an exceptional structure that represents the early estates of the area, and is a locally recognized structure in Inwood today. Both New York City and National Register Landmark status can protect this building, which may in turn encourage the adaptive reuse of the structure. Depending on the new use, the Seaman-Drake Arch may be eligible for Historic Preservation Tax Incentives, Community Partner Programs, and other funding. The Payson Playground Comfort Station is a beautiful Tudor-style building that continues in its original use and retains much of its original details. The building exhibits the special qualities that make it a strong candidate for a landmark. Designation on the National Register of Historic Places will also protect this structure and enforce sensitive maintenance of the building. Individual designation of structures promotes public awareness on the important history of an area and the special architecture the community contains. Such recognition can enhance a sense of pride throughout the community. Scenic Landmark Listing Part of Inwood’s special character is also embodied in its abundance of beautiful parkland, including Inwood Hill Park and Isham Park. The distinct histories of both parks played an important role in the development of Inwood in the early twentieth century. These parks are still important to the community today, providing valued open space for areas of recreation and interaction with nature. Designating these two areas of parkland as New York City Scenic Landmarks for their historic, cultural, and scientific significance will protect the parks, and allow the Landmark Commission to regulate changes to the park landscape and infrastructure. This will ensure appropriate, historically sensitive adaptations and alterations in the future. Adaptive Reuse Some buildings in our study area are suffering from neglect or poor maintenance, and will ultimately be lost if the situation continues. Three buildings in Inwood should be considered for a change or increase in use due to their extreme under use or unsympathetic environment. These are the Seaman-Drake Arch on Broadway, a vacant building attached to a private school on 215th Street at Park Terrace East, and the unused substation built for the New York Central Railroad near the Henry Hudson Parkway on Dyckman Street. Low-rise commercial buildings and graffiti have hid the Seaman-Drake Arch, once the grand entrance to a large estate, for almost 100 years. This building has great potential as a visual landmark of the area, but is currently vacant and in disrepair. The roof is missing and the interior is filled with refuse from its former use as the center of an auto body repair complex. The Broadway face of the arch and its associated storefronts have recently been painted with a bright white paint to cover the graffiti and make it a more desirable location for future tenants. This building has the potential to serve the community in many ways through its monumental presence in the neighborhood. Possible ideas for the reinterpretation of this arch include preserving its current state of ruin, but detaching it from the storefronts along Broadway and removing the garage from the rear, making it a destination and passage point. A pedestrian path can be created to connect Broadway to Park Terrace East. By freeing the arch from its surrounding buildings and by leaving the existing commercial buildings along Broadway intact, this proposal will restore the arch as a visual landmark, respect different periods in the neighborhood’s history, and provide additional space for use by the community. In an attempt to restore the uninterrupted view of the arch from Broadway and to conserve the object so that the arch reflects its original grandeur, an alternate possibility for the arch’s reuse would entail the removal of the stores, storefronts, and graffiti. In addition, extensive landscaping can place the arch once again in a natural setting. Conserving the arch may include the addition of a new roof and the removal of graffiti and debris from the marble. Gates can be reproduced and a new low marble wall erected. The program for the site can connect the arch to the nearby reception hall, providing retail and commercial opportunities as a destination, meeting place and backdrop for major events. In thinking about the arch as an object of art that reflects not only its present, but also reveals its past condition, a third possibility for the reuse of the arch stabilizes it in its current state, replaces the existing storefronts with glass windows so that the arch can be visualized in its former condition, and creates cultural space within the neighborhood. These transparent structures support a series of terraces with pedestrian access in and around the arch from Broadway to Park Terrace East. The progression around the arch has the potential to frame a series of urban moments; the transition between terraces is facilitated by a series of stairways where selectively retained graffiti confront the viewer. This design allows for a flexible program; the site can be used as a place of reflection, for art installations, receptions, and community activities. Any use of the arch can potentially bring people to the area, making it a meeting spot for walking tours, a throughway from commercial to residential zones or for an additional use. Improvements or attention given to the arch can bring it out as a landmark easily associated with the neighborhood. See Appendix III for more information on these possible reuse opportunities. Similarly, the former Hurst mansion on 215th street in Inwood, now a vacant building attached to the Northern Academy School, is currently neglected and in a state of disrepair. The building and its 21,000 square feet of interior space can easily be brought back to life and used once again, potentially as a residence for students or faculty, as additional schoolrooms, as offices or administrative facilities for the school or as a day care, after school or local community center. As the neighborhood has expressed a shortage of school space and is experiencing an influx of school-age children, the currently underused school could be purchased and converted into a local public school. Another building currently not in use is the former railroad substation, located far to the west on Dyckman Street. It has not been used for many years. Its location, next to a major highway and railroad track system, along with its industrial massing and details lend it a high industrial feel. Its vast interior space makes it ideal for subdivision and reuse. Currently artists and art communities are interested in reusing the structure as studio and display space, a need that has been expressed by the community board of the area. This would make it a cultural anchor to the community and provide services related to the arts. There are no bounds to the creativity that adaptive reuse inspires when buildings such as these are saved from neglect, inappropriate use, or the wrecking ball. Adaptive reuse is a viable and creative way to preserve the historic built fabric while incorporating contemporary needs of the community. Marble Hill: Marble Hill Historic District Listing One way to ensure the maintenance of the special character of Marble Hill is to create a Marble Hill Historic District, which would be bounded by West 228th Street on the north, West 225th Street on the south, Terrace View Avenue on the west, and Marble Hill Avenue on the east. We recommend this district designation for the National Register of Historic Places and as a New York City Landmark district. The proposed district represents multiple areas of significance, including American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture. Placement on the National Register would provide the following advantages for the proposed district:
The neighborhood of Marble Hill has many qualities representative of other New York City Landmark districts. Its aesthetic, historic and cultural significance is notable within the larger context of the New York City. The importance of the neighborhood lies beyond the shell of the buildings from the 1890s; instead, the significance is derived from the similar form and elements used in many of the buildings. The district is historically important to the city and represents a distinct architecture and atmosphere not often found within the city, making it an outstanding candidate for designation. City designation for the proposed district would provide the following:
Through its Historic Properties Fund, the New York City Landmarks Conservancy provides low-interest loans and technical assistance to owners of individually designated landmarks, properties in historic districts, or buildings listed or eligible for listing on the State and National Registers. Loans range from $15,000 to $200,000 and must be secured through a first or second mortgage. This funding makes possible exterior work and structural repairs. Owners of individual properties on the National Register or whose property is considered important to a registered historic district may consider donating an easement to the government or a non-profit organization whose mission includes historic preservation. An easement protects the property through subsequent ownership by prohibiting certain types of development or changes to the property. The owner may continue to live on his property but must agree to make the property publicly accessible a few hours or days a year, depending on the type of easement (e.g., façade, interior) and may also be required to make an additional donation to the non-profit organization to help administer the easement. Financial incentives may include charitable deductions on federal income tax, reduction in federal estate taxes for property heirs, and possibly a lower property tax rate. An owner of an income-producing property may also combine an easement with a 20% tax credit under the Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program (see Appendix VII). It is strongly recommended that property owners in this area form a 501(c)3 Homeowners association dedicated to the preservation of Marble Hill’s historic fabric. Various sources of funding are available to non-profit organizations including grants for brick and mortar components of building renovation projects. Awarded by the Conservancy’s City Ventures program, these apply to non-profit housing corporations, community development organizations, social service agencies, homesteading groups, and mutual housing association. Grants range from $5,000 to $50,000 and should be used for structural repairs and exterior work. Properties need only to be architecturally interesting to qualify for program funding. The Conservancy also provides technical assistance to grant recipients. Additionally, New York City’s Community Development Block Grant program offers financial assistance to low and moderate-income communities to facilitate rehabilitation projects and the John E. Streb Preservation Services Fund for New York awards small grants to not for profit corporations for consultant services, feasibility studies and education.2 They could also rely on the Local Initiatives Support Corporation for support while beginning the organization. The Historic Districts Council (HDC), an advocacy group, also provides support and advice to New York City residents seeking historic district designation for their neighborhood. HDC maintains a listing of Internet sites and organizations that offer technical advice and publications on property research, restoration services, and architectural history. See Appendix VII for further information on financial tools of preservation. Individual Landmark Listings In addition to the Marble Hill Residential Historic District, we propose the individual listing of St. Stephen’s United Methodist Church in Marble Hill for the National Register. The individual building meets both the architectural and cultural significance criteria of the National Register. This building is distinguished from the district because its stands out as an important structure on its own merit. The listing would enable the church to be eligible for a variety of funding. Congregations from landmark-quality religious properties such as St. Stephen’s United Methodist Church in Marble Hill may apply to the Conservancy’s Sacred Sites Program for financial and technical assistance with restoration projects. The Conservancy awards matching grants of up to $10,000 for roof repair, masonry projects, and conservation of stained glass windows, among other projects.3The Landmarks Conservancy's Consulting Resources Fund provides grants that allow religious institutions to carefully outline proposed work through the hiring of architects, engineers, conservators, and other professionals to help with the planning phases of preservation projects. The Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) can also be a source of funding.4 We also propose the individual listings of the Richard Alexander House and the Horace Ginsbern apartment building as New York City Landmarks and on the National Register of Historic Places. The Richard Alexander House is an outstanding example of distinct architecture in Marble Hill and was the residence of a prominent member of the early community. The apartment building designed by Horace Ginsbern is also a magnificent building that is an exceptional example of apartment buildings in the Marble Hill Residential Historic District. Both structures invoke the “special historical and special aesthetic character” that the Landmarks Preservation Commission desires for designation.5 By listing them individually, their protection is guaranteed regardless of what occurs with the historic district. Rezoning Much of Marble Hill is protected by R5 zoning, which allows for a maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 1.25, which usually produces three-story houses or small apartment buildings; however, some of the smaller, detached and semi-detached residential buildings fall in the R6 zoning district. The R6 allows for buildings of three to twelve stories, with a FAR ranging from 0.78 and 2.43, depending on the open space provided. The nearby M1-1 district also incorporates vacant and residentially developed lots, which if not protected could be surrounded by manufacturing buildings. In order to protect the smaller homes, such as those along Marble Hill Avenue, Jacobus Place and Terrace View Avenue that are currently in the R6 or M1-1 district, we propose a rezoning that would include them in the R5 district. This will help to prevent the development of large structures that are not compatible with the existing scale and character in Marble Hill’s historic residential area. The lots facing West 228th Street, which are now part of the M1-1 district, would be incorporated into the new R5 zone as well. Inwood and Marble Hill: Conservation All buildings deteriorate and need to be maintained. They are also subject to alterations to serve changing needs. To have a general awareness for how and why a building functions in a certain way is crucial when deciding on an intervention plan. The Conservation Appendix for the entire study area describes the deterioration of particular materials, their causes, and some general approaches to repair. It also includes more extensive sections on replacement windows and siding, as well as a glossary and the Standards of the Secretary of the Interior. The vast field and the complex matters of maintenance and conservation can only be touched upon in a publication of this type, and therefore the most important section of the Conservation Appendix is the Guide to Conservation Resources that can be consulted further for advice in specific matters and to achieve a deeper understanding of materials and built structures. We encourage contacting professionals, both academics and crafts people, prior to interventions. It is important to understand that every situation is unique and involves specific variables that must be evaluated from case to case. For Inwood and Marble Hill, lack of knowledge on conservation and design issues contribute to many of the problems the areas face. We propose formation of local community groups, like the Homeowners Association for Marble Hill, mentioned earlier. These groups could produce pamphlets, written in both English and Spanish, describing conservation and design issues particular to the neighborhoods, followed by recommendations on how to approach them. Funds to cover the costs for the pamphlets could be sought from the John E. Streb Preservation Services Fund. The local groups could have workshops and bring in specialists to discuss various topics of interest for homeowners. Furthermore they could sponsor exhibitions on the neighborhoods with focus on buildings and their historical and aesthetical importance. The exhibitions could be held in one of the buildings suggested for adaptive reuse above. The objective for the pamphlet, workshops, and exhibition should be to bring attention to the qualities of the architecture of the neighborhoods, at the same time bringing up commonly occurring conservation problems, for example those described below, and introducing a preservation approach to address them. The primary conservation issue in the Northern area is lack of proper maintenance and repair, and replacement with visually and physically incompatible materials. The two most prominent types of structures in the area are wood-framed, single-family dwellings from the 1890s and early twentieth century, and brick apartment buildings dating from the first half of the 1900s. For example, in wood-framed buildings the removal of a load-bearing member or excessive loads might lead to partial collapse. Before choosing whether a structural intervention is required, it is extremely important to determine how the loads are distributed in the building and to have a realistic sense of how much live and dead loads the building can handle. Elimination of a structural member without providing sufficient compensation is strongly discouraged. Though many repair works and modifications can be performed by a skilled “do-it-your-selfer,” in some circumstances hiring professionals, in order to avoid dangerous situations and unnecessary expense, is recommended. Unintentional or intentional neglect causes severe damage to buildings, and unused structures are generally more vulnerable than others. When roofs, drainage, and flashing fail, buildings are inevitably susceptible to decay processes that eventually will affect their structural integrity. Monitoring and performance of basic maintenance, like fixing holes in the roof and rinsing drainpipes during periods of vacancy, can prevent situations where buildings decay beyond salvaging. Water is often the main cause of deterioration of buildings. Projecting decorative elements found on buildings in the Northern area often fulfill a function of protecting the structure from water problems. For example, moldings and other architectural articulations shed water, and cornices protect the façade and prevent water infiltration. Details like these fulfill a protective function and maintaining and keeping them in good condition guard the building from more serious deterioration. Poor maintenance, modification, or removal of these decorative elements have grave consequences on the performance of the structure. In some cases, like when dissolved mortar leads to loose bricks in cornices, dangerous situations can occur. The solution to this is repairing, not removing, the cornice. Some buildings share elements with adjacent structures and are affected by interventions to those. This is the case with many buildings in the Northern Section, and examples are found of detaching façades caused by the demolition of a neighboring structure. To prevent these problems, surveying and analysis are precautions that should be taken before beginning major work. Moving beyond deterioration problems, another major issue is inappropriate aesthetic changes. Throughout the Northern part of the study area, original wood and steel windows have been replaced with plastic and aluminum. Often this is a misdirected action resulting in loss of aesthetic qualities of buildings to our two neighborhoods. The intention is to increase energy efficiency and to avoid frequent maintenance, thereby improving the economy of a building. As discussed in the Conservation Appendix, there are viable and less drastic alternatives, like repair and upgrading of original windows or replacement with one in kind. In many cases, ”maintenance-free” products are not easily repaired, and when the material does fail the entire item, not only the failing component, needs to be replaced. The issue of replacement siding on the wood framed buildings of Marble Hill is comparable with that of windows. Again, maintenance-free might not be an advantage; it is also important to keep in mind that a material like vinyl does not age graciously. Sensitivity to UV-light making them loose color and gloss, and they crack and dent easily, in which case they cannot be repaired. Artificial sidings can create a plastic bag condition, leading to severe damage on the wooden structure and the interiors behind as moisture is prevented from evaporating. Wood siding is usually more compatible with these structures. It requires proper painting and repair, but is generally the most advantageous alternative from both an economic and aesthetic viewpoint. One particularly interesting wood-sided building in Marble Hill exemplifying this is St. Stephen’s United Methodist Church, built in 1897, which to a great extent retains its original shingles. They have served exceptionally well, but eventually will have to be replaced. The obvious choice should be a material in kind. Issues of siding and painting are further discussed in the Conservation Appendix. Recommendations for New Design Conservation and maintenance are the not the only factors that affect the visual and historic integrity of an area. Equally critical are additions and new construction as buildings are adapted to change and neighborhoods undergo development. An addition should be sympathetic to the present design of the building in terms of height, materials, and overall form, and it should also be compatible with the streetscape as a whole. In the Northern Section rooftop additions should be avoided since taller structures will disturb the scale of the neighborhoods and can block views created by the topography. New construction in a historic area can be a difficult and challenging task. Generally a new structure should relate to the built fabric already in place, and fit with the context of the neighborhood. It should not dominate or mimic the surrounding historic buildings, but contribute to and respect the image of the neighborhoods with sensitive modern design. In order to maintain the special appeal of the area, we propose the following recommendations for the small-scale houses and apartment buildings in Marble Hill and Inwood. The small-scale houses in Inwood were built in the 1920s and 1930s, during Inwood’s second wave of development. Unlike Marble Hill the majority of these homes has brick façades and vary in their form and decoration. Because of the aesthetic variety, freedom in design can be applied to new construction. Some general recommendations for small parcels in Inwood are:
Marble Hill’s smaller-scale homes, from the first wave of development, were constructed around the end of the Nineteenth century. These homes are typically wood-frame construction, featuring gabled roofs and small towers. Some general recommendations for small parcels in Marble Hill are:
A specific design proposal for a residential building and a commercial building in Marble Hill is found in Appendix III. The residential building design addresses issues of neighborhood character, scale, form and material integrity. The proposal takes into account that most of the historic houses consist of five elements: plinth, core, tower, transitional space and the roof. Because many homes in Marble Hill have lost their original siding, the treatment of the outside of the building was seen as the “skin,” something changeable and replaceable. By separating the five elements from the skin, the new design of the residential building responds to the conditions of the historic homes. The design also incorporates wood elements on the exterior in order to convey that wood is a modern, versatile and vital material, significant to the area. By using wood in the new design, the intention is to encourage keeping any original wood left on buildings, and to, through the example, inspire to revert back to wood elements when renovating. The commercial design aims to enhance the viability of the small-scale commercial district on the west side of Broadway as a response to the establishment of big-box stores in the vicinity. This building design reflects the scale of businesses found on Broadway. By only building on half of the parcel and directing the storefronts perpendicular to the street, a few things are achieved. A corridor for pedestrians is created, which allows more fluidity between the residential and commercial area. By directing the building toward the corridor more storefront area is produced. This corridor also functions as communal space drawn back from the street. Thus traffic through the commercial space is stimulated by promoting a movement pattern from the 225th subway stop, the retail space, and to the homes on the hill. Apartment buildings, consistent in height and material, constitute the second major building type in both Inwood and Marble Hill. The buildings are typically six stories tall with flat roofs. Brick facades dominate the landscape. Aesthetically, there are a variety of ways these facades have been treated, from the revival styles of the 1920s buildings to the Art Deco façades of the 1930s buildings. Again, freedom in design can be applied to new construction. Some general recommendations:
School and Community Programs A number of the area’s museums and cultural institutions are dedicated to preserving, interpreting, and promoting New York City’s vast and varied historic, cultural, and aesthetic resources. Exhibits, programs, special events, and tours, aimed at fostering learning and an appreciation of the past, are geared toward children and adults alike. See Appendix VIII for more details about these educational resources. Locally, the historic Dyckman House (1783), a property of New York City’s Historic House Trust, is a rich resource for Marble Hill and Inwood schools. The borough’s only remaining Dutch colonial house is scheduled to reopen this year after extensive restoration work. In general, Trust programs fulfill social studies, language arts, science, and math learning standards requirements. School district coordinators should engage Dyckman House staff in discussion of how the museum might better serve curriculum needs. The farmhouse tells the story of Inwood’s early settlement and colonial past, through its architecture, period furnishings, and interpretive programs. The Dyckman House is a New York City Landmark and is on the State and National Registers of Historic Places. The area’s ecological and geological present and past can be discovered at the Urban Ecology Center in Inwood Hill Park. An array of exhibits, walking tours, and other educational programs are offered by the Urban Park Rangers for a wide range of learning experiences and interests. Walking Tours Walking tours are often the best introduction to a neighborhood’s cultural offerings. Big Onion Walking Tours, Big Apple Greeters, NoshWalks, the Municipal Art Society, 92nd Street Y, and city colleges all offer urban explorations of city neighborhoods throughout the year. Despite Inwood’s and Marble Hill’s many attractions, however, tours of these two neighborhoods do not exist. A tour of Inwood could celebrate its Dutch origins, architecture, scenic viewscapes, and present-day Latino community. Starting at the 215th Street subway station, participants would cross Broadway to the Seaman-Drake Arch, then proceed to Baker Field, the Columbia boathouses, Art Deco apartment buildings, the Urban Ecology Center in Inwood Hill Park, Isham Park, and the Dyckman House, among other sites. They could conclude their afternoon at Dominican restaurants and shops along Broadway and Dyckman Street. Visitors on a walking tour of Marble Hill would actually see and understand how geology and topography have influenced and shaped the development of Manhattan’s northernmost community. Its natural promontory above the Harlem River made Marble Hill an ideal location for Fort Prince Charles during the American Revolution, while the marble quarries at its base gave the village its name. An unusual street grid, characterized by one- and two-family detached homes, has helped to create a pervasive feeling of neighborhood unlike anywhere else in the borough of Manhattan. A walking tour of Marble Hill would make these associations as well as highlight such architecturally noteworthy buildings as St. Stephen’s United Methodist Church, the Richard Alexander House, and 135 West 225th Street, an Art Deco apartment building designed by Horace Ginsbern. Community Recognition Beautification projects sponsored by community organizations and business associations enjoy great popularity in neighborhoods and cities across the United States. Plantings in beds, borders, and along streets and meridians, hanging baskets and windowboxes, and manicured lawns make a neighborhood pleasant for residents and welcoming to visitors. The residential nature of both Marble Hill and Inwood make them ideally suited to an annually coordinated spruce-up. The bridges along the Harlem River in the Northern section can also benefit from beautification. Lighting these three connections, the Broadway Bridge, the Spuyten Duyvil railroad bridge and the Henry Hudson Parkway Bridge along with the others in central and southern sections will give a sense of unity and continuity of the river at night. Further recommendations for these bridges can be seen in the Central section’s recommendations. Often local historical societies recognize properties whose owners have respected the existing historic fabric with façade renovations and sensitive additions that preserve the structure’s integrity and contribute to the overall aesthetic of the neighborhood. Such a program, if implemented in these two northern communities, would bring prestige to homeowners and promote methods of proper care and maintenance. Working with Community Board 12 historian James Renner, members of Washington Heights-Inwood On-line or another group of preservation-minded individuals could identify outstanding examples of preservation/home repair each year, and enlist the sponsorship of one or more local businesses (e.g., realtors, banks) to underwrite the plaques. Local press could be invited to an awards ceremony at which an elected official would distribute the plaques or perhaps personally hang the plaques on the exterior of each house. Historic markers are another way to call attention to historic, cultural, and aesthetic resources of local importance. In particular, they mark the spots where events occurred, structures stood, and lives were lived. Residents of Marble Hill and Inwood might wish to mark Revolutionary War sites, the old King’s Bridge, and the locations of old estates, quarries, and ferry landings, for example, with a uniformly designed signage system. Expanded signage in Isham Park could feature historic photos of the Isham estate, placed around the park where the mansion, greenhouses, and sweeping views of the Harlem and Hudson Rivers could once be seen. The latter would call attention to the need for the restoration of these scenic views. 1 Historic Preservation Field Services Bureau “Income Tax Credits,” http://nysparks.state.ny.us/field/fsb/incometaxcred.html. 2 Historic Preservation Field Services Bureau, “Financial Incentives,” http://nysparks.state.ny.us/field/fsb/preservresourceguide.htm#State%20and%20Federal%20Preservation%20Grants 3 “Sacred Sites Program,” http://www.e-guana.net/organizations.php3?orgid=79&typeID=643&action=printContentItem&itemID=5040. 4 Historic Preservation Field Services Bureau, “Financial Incentives,” http://nysparks.state.ny.us/field/fsb/preservresourceguide.htm#State%20and%20Federal%20Preservation%20Grants 5 NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, About the Landmarks Preservation Commission, http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/lpc/html/about/.
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